Andy Hutt

Mettle and Steel: the AANS in Salonika

Searching for information recently about nursing in Salonika, I stumbled across Mettle and Steel: the AANS in Salonika. It’s an account of the punishing nature of Australian military nursing in Salonika. From 1917, Australian nurses were sent into this difficult and unfamiliar theatre of war to relieve the British, French and Canadian nurses and to provide nursing care to British soldiers and prisoners of war. As nursing ‘our boys’ was a major motivation for overseas service, it was something of a disappointment for many that they could not nurse Australian soldiers.

Accession Number: H16005
A group of Australian Army nurses about to depart from Adelaide for Salonica, 14 June 1917. From the left: Miss Molly Wilson, Mrs J. Tyers, Miss Edith Horton, Miss Marion Geddes, Miss Laura Begley, Mrs Jessie McHardie White (Principal Matron), Mrs Forsyth (wife of General Forsyth), Miss Violet Mills (Matron of No 5 Australian General Hospital who was on a visit to Adelaide), Miss Alice Prichard and Miss Florence G. Gregson.

I hadn’t quite appreciated the scale and complexity of the Australian nursing presence: four contingents were dispatched via Egypt, under constant U-boat threat, and then distributed across a shifting network of British hospitals in Greece and the surrounding hills. Each unit was allocated one Matron, ten AANS Sisters and eighty Staff Nurses. The nurses were led by senior matrons such as Jessie McHardie White, who oversaw not only clinical standards but the welfare and morale of hundreds of nurses. Staff Nurse Lucy May’s personal account helps convey the experience of Salonika in winter:

[12 October 1917] Water racing thru wards & reached halfway up bedsteads, haversacks, boots, socks, pants floating down road…
[21 October] Lanterns blowing out & leaving you in dark…
[23 October] Still don weather attire, only wearing men’s pyjama pants, putties, gum boots, man’s shirt also. Had dress tucked around waist all night…
[2 November] Imagine me [on night duty] over my ankles in mud, dragging one foot out then other foot & standing on one leg in grim peril or sitting down hastily…feeling the rain oozing through my mack. This is the life?”

As winter ended, the nurses then faced oppressive summers dominated by malaria. The AANS uniform was adapted in an attempt to counter the mosquito risk. A ‘mosquito proof’ nurse would be clad in her working dress, huge gloves, rubber boots and thick veil which, according to Lucy Tydvil Armstrong:

“made it quite impossible to carry out our duties, when men were rigoring and vomiting all night long, we just had to do away with the precautions, & run the risk of being bitten with mosquitos.”

Accession Number: H15761
A group of Australian Army Nursing Service nurses at the 52nd British General Hospital at Kalamaria, Greece ready for night duty wearing headdress provided for protection against mosquitoes. C 1918.

Despite the precautions, Matron McHardie White later reported that, ‘most of the nurses were affected by it [malaria] one time or another…’ By August 1918 45 nurses had been sent back to Australia from Salonika and another 14 were waiting to go, mostly on grounds of ill health. The death of Sister Gertrude Evelyn Munro in 1918 underlines the very real cost of the AANS service.

Accession Number: H13100
Sisters Gertrude Evelyn Munro and Amy Christie of the AANS. The photograph was probably taken at the 60th British General Hospital, Salonica.

Despite deteriorating health and official doubts about the value of their continued presence, the nurses remained in Salonika until after the war ended, not returning home until early in 1919. Their courage and professionalism were acknowledged through praise and decorations from British, Serbian and Greek authorities. Matron McHardie White, as just one example, was awarded the Serbian decoration of the Order of St Sava and was made a Member of the British Empire.

Nurses’ Narratives

It’s always interesting to read first-hand accounts of experience and so it was good to see that some diary and retrospective narratives written by the AANS nurses have been, and are being, transcribed. Staff Nurse Vivian A Lee Shea, for example, recalled,

We arrived in the midst of summer & the height of the Malaria & Dysentry season, & work commenced right away. We had much to learn. We were all new to each others ways & the medical Staff & personnel had only just landed as we ourselves had.

The Hospital was rather well situated at an elevation of about 2000 ft above sea level & this gave us a cooler summer, but made it impossible to live there in the winter months. During the winter months we occupied the Prisoners of War Hospital in the Base area. Here we nursed British Troops, as well as prisoners of War, the latter were representatives from practically every one of the Baltic States. Germans Bulgars, Turks, Romanians, Greeks Albanians & Serbs, in fact any one found in enemy lines.

Annie E Major-West remembered,

We remained in Salonika till February 1919, during the whole time the work was very heavy at times the hours on duty were particularly long. these conditions were occasioned by the prevalence of Sickness amongst the Sisters and Medical Officers.
Frequently the Bulgars & Germans were over in Planes endeavouring to bomb
the Town but the Vicinity of the Hospital was never damaged, during the Month
of August 1917 the town was partially destroyed by fire, Supposed to have
been the work of Spies.

Read the full article Mettle and Steel: the AANS in Salonika.
Search for first hand accounts here: https://transcribe.awm.gov.au/transcription

Congratulations!

Our congratulations go to overseas SCS member Glenn Stennes. In recognition of his work in maintaining and improving access to sites on the Doiran battlefield, Glenn has been awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the New Year Honours Overseas and International List 2026, for “services to UK Military Heritage Preservation.” Congratulations Glenn!

British Empire Medal (Image Source)

Christmas Message from the Chair

Officers and men of 26th Divisional Ammunition Train (Army Service Corps) playing football in Salonika, Christmas 1915. Image: IWM (Q 31576)

On behalf of the Committee, I’d like to wish all members and supporters of the SCS, their families and friends, a Merry Christmas. We hope that you all have an enjoyable festive period and can welcome 2026 in with good spirits.

Once again, I am pleased to report that the past year has been good one for the Society. Membership numbers remain strong, which is heartening to see, as your continued support is an indicator that the Committee are working in the right way to fulfil the Society’s objective of keeping alive the memory of all those who served in the Salonika Campaign through Remembrance activities, research and public facing outputs ranging from history talks, publications and social media to battlefield tours.

This year saw the successful trialling of a new format for our annual meeting and AGM. The problem over recent years of getting the majority of the Committee together in person was overcome by taking the AGM online. This proved a success with a wider range of members attending, including some from outside the UK. Several action points were forthcoming from the meeting, on which the Committee are now working. I would like to thank members for contributing ideas and volunteering for aspects of Society work both during the AGM and in subsequent email follow ups. At the annual meeting in London, members attending were treated to three excellent talks on a range of Salonika Campaign topics. I was pleased to welcome several new faces to the meeting, among them a few folk from this year’s battlefield tour. An in-person meeting in London is a good opportunity for members to get together and a way of maintaining the tradition, started by the SRA, of laying a wreath at The Cenotaph. Plans for next year are in progress.

In terms of our other commemorative events, the Society was represented by a plot at the RBL Field of Remembrance outside Westminster Abbey. Thanks to members Darren Rolfe, David Tarn and Jonathan Saunders for joining me at the opening. I hope members are taking the opportunity over the two-week lifespan of the Field to visit and plant a cross of Remembrance. The Field is an impressive spectacle, and a walk around really does bring home the sacrifice made in conflicts since 1914. A few days after the opening of the Field of Remembrance, SCS members gathered with staff and volunteers from the National Trust on 11 November at the Sandham Memorial Chapel for a Remembrance service. This event is now a fixture in the SCS calendar, is increasingly popular with SCS members and is a fitting way to round off our commemorations for the year. The Chapel is the nearest thing in the UK to a memorial to the BSF, which makes the active relationship between the team at the Chapel and the SCS something we should work hard to maintain.

The Society at Westminster Remembrance, 2025

Overseas we had a very successful battlefield tour that had as it’s theme the role of artillery with the BSF. A tour group of 27 visited key ground associated with British operations in the Salonika Campaign. This included new locations near the River Vardar (Axios) around Machukovo (Evzoni) and Smol (Mikro Dassos). Thanks to members Apostolos Nalmpantis, Graham Winton and Keith Roberts for assisting with a pre-tour recce to the area and again to Graham for taking on a couple of the associated stands. It was interesting to see that the SCS contingent formed the largest contingent of representatives of any of the commemorative associations/societies present at the official Remembrance ceremony at Polykastro. Members may be interested to know that I am now in touch with representatives from the Association Nationale Pour Le Souvenir Des Dardanelles Et Fronts d’Orient, who plan to be at Polykastro next year.

For 2026, as well as another battlefield tour, it is planned to restart work on the map cataloguing project at the National Archives and to run the Philip Barnes Bursary for a second time, which will allow a university student or early career researcher to accompany the 2027 battlefield tour. The Society will also look at the feasibility of running another Salonika Study Day at a venue outside London in 2027. The Committee would welcome ideas for potential venues for a study day or to hear from members wishing to get involved with the map project.

Now, as I close and turn to eat another mince pie, I’d just like to thank my fellow Committee members for their work over the past year. We work as a team to keep the Society moving on the right track for the benefit of all members. Thanks also go to various members who have actively participated in events and projects run by the Society and those who have made suggestions and volunteered to assist the Committee in numerous ways.

It just remains for me to wish you all the best wishes for Christmas and the New Year. I hope 2026 gives us as many chances as possible to meet to remember all those men and women of the BSF who remain firmly at the heart of our fellowship.

Society Battlefield Tour 2026 – The ‘Sappers in Salonika’ Tour

Whilst having the central theme of the role of the Royal Engineers in the Salonika Campaign, the tour will visit all the key locations associated with the British Salonika Force and look to break some new ground:

The Birdcage Line
Kosturino
Doiran Battlefield
Struma Valley
The Vardar Sector (west of Pip Ridge)

Several CWGC sites will also be visited:

Lembet Road; Doiran (inc Memorial); Karasouli; Struma; Kirechkoi-Hortakoi

Proposed dates for the tour are Sunday 20 – Tuesday 29 September

If you are interested in joining the tour please contact SCS Chair, Alan Wakefield, to get your name on the emailing list for further details.

Other Opportunities to visit the Salonika Battlefields in 2026

The battlefield tour operator The Cultural Experience is planning a tour (25 – 30 April) to key British related Salonika Campaign sites. The tour will be accompanied by SCS Chair, Alan Wakefield. Details here.

“A Girl Should Have Her Opportunity”: Two Heroines in Fiction in Salonika

The Salonika Campaign Bibliography, researched and compiled by SCS Member Keith Roberts, is a fantastic resource for those researching or delving deeper into the campaign. Now in its sixth edition, it lists over 480 entries from a variety of sources. Interestingly, these sources also include novels and literature. Although literature isn’t usually a source for historically accurate facts, it has a role in helping to understand, to some degree, the experience and attitudes of others in other times.

With that in mind, and having recently been reading about the service of nurses in the campaign, two novelists from Keith’s list piqued my interest: Bessie Marchant and May Wynne the authors, respectively, of A V.A.D. in Salonika and An English Girl in Serbia – both novels written primarily for a young audience.

A V.A.D. in Salonika (1917) follows a young British woman, Joan Haysome, who volunteers to serve as a V.A.D. (Voluntary Aid Detachment) nurse in Salonika. The plot is full of unlikely coincidences as Joan, determined to prove her worth, and atone for a past mistake, attempts to stop a German spy within the Allied ranks. It is a novel of its time, and for that reason, interesting in the way it reflects diffierent contemporary attitudes towards women volunteering in the war effort.

The inspector bowed, looking properly impressed, but he had his private opinion all the same as to the use of young ladies in V.A.D. work. To his way of thinking, if one of the leisured classes set about trying to do something useful, it meant that a servant of some sort was necessary to do the work over again. Rich folks had their place in the scheme of creation, but their place was mainly to provide honest employment for other people.

Joan is not a passive or submissive figure. Marchant frequently describes Joan’s thought processes as she struggles to overcome doubts and crises of confidence to show courage, resourcefulness, and responsibility for others.

In An English Girl in Serbia (1916), two 16-year-old twins, Nancy and Tom Allerson, become caught up the turmoil of wartime Serbia. This is more of a “ripping yarn” involving danger and dramatic adventure. There is a little more detail about the war than in Marchant’s novel, with a depiction of the Serbian retreat from the Bulgars. Nancy has far less introspective reflection than Joan but the story does paint Nancy as an active, resourceful survivor determined to see the ordeal through.

Both novels follow a tradition of daring adventure stories for boys but in these the focus shifts to central female characters and, particularly in A V.A.D. in Salonika, contemporary attitudes to women in war,

“But don’t you think that the girls want to do their bit as well as the boys? The harder the work the greater the patriotism. A girl should have her opportunity, and she may be trusted to rise to it.”

I quite enjoyed reading the two books, which are fast-paced and easy to read. In these ‘enlightened’ times, An English Girl in Serbia would probably come with a trigger warning regarding some of its language and attitudes! It is, perhaps, more interesting from a historical point of view with its references to the Serbian retreat and comitadji. And, although the plot in A V.A.D. in Salonika relies too heavily on coincidence, the novel is more thoughtful. Joan is a much more interesting and developed character and, as such, the book may be seen as part of the wider body of literature that helped shape British public opinion about the role of women in war.

My thanks go to Keith for adding these titles to the SCS Bibliography:)

More…

The Second Serbian Campaign of 1915: A Talk by Nick Ilić

Colonel Nick Ilić MBE QGM, and former British Defence Attaché in the Embassy in Belgrade, will give a talk on the Second Serbian Campaign of 1915 at the National Army Museum, London, SW3 4HT, on Thursday, 20 November, at 2pm.

The talk will cover the arrival of the British and other international missions in Serbia, the Typhus epidemic, and the October 1915 invasion of Serbia that led to the Serbian Army’s epic retreat across the mountains to the Adriatic.

Serbian soldiers and pack animals crossing the Rugova Canyon near Ipek during the Great Retreat.
Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Retreat_%28Serbia%29

The talk will last about an hour. If you have attended a talk given by Nick in the past, you will know how informed, informative and interesting the talk is going to be.

Admission is free, but please let Nick know by 18 November if you plan to attend.

Nick presenting at the Salonika Study Day, Great War Huts, August 2024

‘The New Mosquito’ – September Edition Update

As many members will already be aware, the Society’s journal, The New Mosquito, has not yet arrived on doorsteps as expected. We sincerely apologise for this delay and wish to assure you that every effort is being made to complete dispatch at the earliest opportunity. We thank all members for their patience and continued support.

The Sinking of the Marquette, 1915

A little over 110 years ago, on Saturday 23 October 1915, the British transport ship Marquette was torpedoed by the German submarine U-35 as it entered the Gulf of Salonika. The ship sank within ten minutes. Of the 741 people on board, 167 died, including 32 New Zealanders – ten of whom were nurses.

Tram decorated with World War 1 propaganda, including unidentified tram conductor and passenger, Temperance and General Life Assurance Society building in background, Cathedral Square, Christchurch — A call to arms in response to deaths of nurses. Image source: https://natlib.govt.nz/records/29941985

The New Zealand Nurses

Most of the New Zealanders aboard were members of the 1st New Zealand Stationary Hospital. They had been serving in Egypt, treating casualties from Gallipoli, and were being transferred to support Allied operations in the Balkans. Among them was Staff Nurse Margaret Rogers, who had enlisted only months earlier in July. Indeed, The New Zealand Army Nursing Service was itself new and only established early in 1915.

Nurse Margaret Rogers.
Image source: Nurse Margaret Rogers, URL: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/nurse-margaret-rogers, (Manatū Taonga — Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 28-May-2024

The Marquette, originally a cargo vessel, had been adapted for wartime transport.

SS Marquette of the Red Star Shipping Line, 1910
Image source: https://ww100.govt.nz/no-ordinary-transport-the-sinking-of-the-marquette

When it departed from Alexandria on 19 October, it carried medical personnel, British troops, over 500 mules, and ammunition. Although accompanied by a French destroyer during part of the journey, the escort departed the day before the attack.

Image source: https://www.cnmc.org.nz/resources/the-marquette/the-marquette-s-last-journey-vulnerable-to-atta/

At approximately 9:15 a.m., witnesses reported sighting a torpedo shortly before it struck the starboard side of the ship. The impact caused the vessel to list sharply. Despite the suddenness of the event, many accounts describe those on board as remaining orderly.

Efforts to launch lifeboats were largely unsuccessful. Inexperienced personnel, the angle of the sinking ship, and mechanical difficulties led to lifeboats capsizing or being damaged. Several nurses and soldiers were killed during these attempts. It is believed that Margaret Rogers lost her life in this phase of the evacuation.

Ten New Zealand nurses and 22 men from the New Zealand Medical Corps and No. 1 Stationary Hospital died.

Survivors spent several hours in the water, exposed to cold conditions and exhaustion. Some clung to wreckage; others assisted colleagues unable to swim. Rescue vessels, including British and French destroyers, arrived later in the day. Six days later,on the 29th October, all surviving nurses and some medical officers returned to Alexandria on the hospital ship, the Grantully Castle.

The surviving nurses.
Image source: https://ww100.govt.nz/no-ordinary-transport-the-sinking-of-the-marquette

Aftermath

The sinking of the Marquette led to outrage about the decision to transport medical personnel on a vessel carrying ammunition and troops rather than on a hospital ship. Marked with a red cross, hospital ships could sail with a much greater degree of safety with the protection of the Geneva Convention. The troopship was, for German submarines, a valid target.

One can only imagine the emotions of the survivors as they undertook the journey to Salonika again later in the year in order to establish a tented hospital at Lembet Camp. The hospital was in operation until March 1916, when it left for France.

1st New Zealand Stationary Hospital at Salonika
Image source: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/1st-new-zealand-stationary-hospital

In Memory

Margaret Rogers is buried at the Mikra British Cemetery at Kalamaria where there is a memorial to the loss of the Marquette.

Image source: https://www.ww1cemeteries.com/gre-mikra-memorial.html

Margaret is also listed on the war memorial at Akaroa where her father lived.

The unveiling of the Akaroa War Memorial, 1923
Image source: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/memorial/akaroa-war-memorial

Margaret and the other nine nurses lost in the Marquette sinking are remembered at the Nurses’ Memorial Chapel at Christchurch Hospital and at the Marquette Nurses’ Memorial at Waimate.

The events of 23 October 1915 are also dramatised in the Australian TV series, ANZAC Girls, which until December 31st, 2025 is freely available to view here.

The moment the Marquette is torpedoed, as depicted in ANZAC Girls.
Image Source: Episode 3, https://player.stv.tv/summary/all3-anzac

Footnote

Wreckage of the Marquette was found in May 2009 by a Greek dive team. It rests in 87 metres of water of the Thermaikos Gulf in the North Aegean Sea. A protection order for the wreck has been sought by The British Embassy in Greece.

Reference Links

SCS AGM Online

Members of the Society may well be aware, from the notice in the New Mosquito No.51 earlier this year, that the Society’s AGM will be held online via Zoom at 7.30pm on Monday 27 October.

All members have today been sent an email with details of how to enter the online AGM. If you haven’t received this, please check your Junk/Spam email folder. Failing that, please send us a message and we will get the details to you.

We look forward to seeing you in the meeting on Monday.

Screening in London: ‘By Far Kaymakchalan’ – A Documentary by Bojan Pajic

Those in London, or able to visit, on Saturday 18 October are warmly invited to attend the screening of By Far Kaymakchalan, a newly completed documentary by Australian writer and historian Bojan Pajic. The one-hour film will be shown from 3:00 to 5:00 pm in Room KIN 204, King’s College London, King’s Building, Strand Campus, WC2R 2LS.

Bojan Pajic is the author of two books examining the experiences of Australians and New Zealanders who served with Serbian forces during the First World War. By Far Kaymakchalan builds on his previous work and combines archival material, personal testimonies, and historical analysis to illuminate the shared history of these Allied nations. The event, hosted by Dr Stephen Morgan, Lecturer in Film Studies at King’s College London, will be followed by a discussion with Bojan Pajić.

Filmed in Australia, Serbia, Greece, and North Macedonia over a period of eighteen months, By Far Kaymakchalan is based on Pajić’s research that has revealed that more than 1,500 Australian and New Zealand volunteer doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, soldiers, sailors, and aircrew served alongside Serbian forces during the war.

Full details of the event are available via this link.

NB For security reasons, King’s College London requires a list of attendees to be submitted 24 hours in advance. If you are thinking of attending, please don’t forget to register beforehand.

This screening offers a rare opportunity to engage with a significant and often overlooked chapter of First World War history, and to hear directly from the researcher and filmmaker who has dedicated much of his work to bringing these stories to light.

I’m very grateful to Jon Lewis, author of the excellent The Forgotten Front; the Macedonian Campaign 1915 – 1918, for bringing this to the attention of the Society – thanks Jon!

Campaign Bibliography Version 6 – now available!

Once again, the Society extends its sincere thanks to SCS member Keith Roberts for the compilation and dedicated annual updates of the only comprehensive bibliography of English-language publications related to the Salonika Campaign.

The bibliography is freely available for members and non-members alike. We only ask that, if it is shared with others, credit is given to the Salonika Campaign Society. The bibliography is available in a variety of formats here.

The bibliography is updated and released each year on this significant day – September 29th – which today marks 107 years since the signing of the Armistice of Salonica. The armistice brought Bulgaria’s involvement in World War I to an end.